|
Since the late 1990s, the GoE
has made deregulation and development of the telecommunications sector a
priority. MCIT’s sector development policy was translated into a comprehensive
unified law, the Telecommunication Act, which was ratified by the Egyptian
parliament in 2003. MCIT policy targeted establishing a sound institutional
framework with an independent regulatory function and increasing the
competitiveness of the Egyptian telecommunications market. MCIT aims to further
empower the telecommunications sector through continued deregulation, ensuring
that all stakeholders – citizens, government, operators and vendors – benefit
throughout the process.
Since MCIT announced the first national ICT plan in 1999, it has recognized the
importance of creating an environment conducive to the development of the ICT
sector. MCIT has worked on creating an enabling framework over the last six
years through a series of laws and regulations covering areas including
telecommunications, e-signature and industry development. Yet, as ICT-empowered
products and services quickly develop, this framework needs to be adjusted to
turn these developments into feasible business opportunities that benefit all
stakeholders. Among the most important of these developments is the convergence
between information, media and telecommunications. MCIT aims to promote Egypt
as an internationally recognized ICT hub for the Middle East and Africa,
providing state-of-the-art converged services to its citizens and businesses
and exporting convergence-enabled services to neighboring countries
Development of
State-of-the-Art Telecommunications
Infrastructure and Export of Services
International experience has shown that state-of-the-art telecommunications
infrastructure is crucial to the development of various economic activities in
modern societies. Competition ensures the sustainability of infrastructure and
the continuous enhancement of services to serve the needs of individuals and
businesses. Looking forward, MCIT will continue to focus on promoting new and
cutting-edge technologies that will assist overall socioeconomic development.
Objectives:
| To
integrate communication networks within global
infrastructure |
|
| A. International
Connectivity Program
|
MCIT will work with the NTRA, to set up a transparent and competitive framework
to license new cable systems linking Egypt to strategic markets in the region
and across the Mediterranean. The new framework will support the establishment
of a secure, competitive and sustainable international bandwidth market in
Egypt. It will also resolve the issue of bottlenecks in the submarine cable
systems across the Mediterranean, thereby empowering the development of
broadband services in the Middle East and Africa.
B. National Connectivity
and Infrastructure Program
While satellite networks played a leading role in the development of Internet
services in Egypt in the mid-1990s as the upstream backbone connection, their
role has subsided since the turn of the century due to the increasing demand
for bandwidth that can only be provided through fiber optics. Successive
reductions in the cost of bandwidth delivered through fiber optics provided a
much more attractive solution for establishing backbones and delivery of
services throughout Egypt.
However, the need to take ICT services to rural areas where fiber-optic
networks are impractical due to limited demand and rough terrain requires new
solutions. Recent developments in satellite technology that have resulted in
lower costs and higher throughputs now make it a more viable means to connect
rural areas. Satellite systems can also increase the safety of air and maritime
navigation by providing real-time digital channels connecting aircraft and
ships with land-based monitoring stations.
MCIT will cooperate with the NTRA in setting up an enabling framework for the
provision of satellite services and clearing the spectrum needed for such
services. MCIT will also cooperate with relevant stakeholders to promote
investment for setting up and operating new satellite systems to provide rural
connectivity and digital communications between aircraft, ships and land
stations.
| To
provide state-of-the-art communication services
throughout Egypt |
|
| A. To Foster
Deployment of Broadband
Technologies |
Penetration of broadband services, as required for the delivery of government,
social and educational services, has become a differentiating factor in
assessing countries’ ICT infrastructure development and overall attractiveness.
MCIT therefore aims to set up a new policy framework for the provision of
broadband services making use of the developments in wireless communications,
especially in the domain of High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and WiMax
technologies. The ministry will cooperate in this regard with the NTRA and
relevant stakeholders to clear the spectrum needed for the provision of
services and upgrade the licenses of existing operators, issuing new licenses
if needed, to facilitate the provision of broadband technologies. In 2007, MCIT
will fully implement its commitments under the WTO to abolish customs on ICT
products, thereby reducing the capital costs of rolling out new wireless
infrastructure by almost 30% compared to 2004 costs.
B. To Promote Converged
Services
Convergence between media and ICT is becoming a global market trend driven by
technological developments and consumer preferences. Development in digital
technologies, especially those related to the web (Internet protocol
communications, streaming and casting services, peer-to-peer applications,
etc.), is creating de facto standards for both the media and telecommunications
sectors. Providers in various countries have found that integrated packages of
Internet, telephony, media and entertainment services best suit customer
preferences. Moreover, provision of such integrated services over a single
high-speed platform significantly reduces provision costs and allows for more
efficient utilization of infrastructure. Such economies of scale reflect in
better returns on investment in infrastructure projects and hence provide an
incentive for wide-scale deployment of broadband infrastructure. MCIT will be
working with Ministry of Mass Media and all relevant stakeholders to create an
enabling environment for converged services. Building on its experience in
creating enabling frameworks that foster cooperation between various
stakeholders (government, consumers, operators and service providers), MCIT
will promote converged services by:
|
|
| • |
Creating new models for cooperation between content developers, integrators and
providers to serve domestic and international markets. |
|
|
| • |
Amending the licenses of existing carriers and service providers, or issuing
new licenses if needed, to enable provision of converged services. |
|
|
| • |
Encouraging investment in the rollout of high-speed infrastructure throughout
Egypt and linking Egypt to the world. |
|
|
| • |
Enforcing laws and regulations protecting the intellectual property rights of
content owners in cyber space |
|
|
Egypt is in a position to become a regional leader and offer all forms of
converged services such as:
|
|
| • |
Media-mobile convergence through mobile TV services expected to become
available in 2007 with the launch of 3G services. |
|
|
| • |
Media-telecom convergence in 2007-08 through various forms of IP-TV via ISPs
building on the successful services offered during World Cup 2006. |
|
|
| • |
Fixed-mobile convergence during 2007-08 as strategic partnerships are developed
between mobile, data and fixed operators. |
A. Fixed and Mobile
Operators Licensing Program
3G Licenses for Mobile and Fixed Users
In Q2 2006, the NTRA granted the first license to provide 3G services and the
third mobile license in Egypt to a consortium led by Etisalat of the UAE for
US$ 3 billion. In Q1 2007, the NTRA granted a similar 3G license to the second
mobile operator, led by Vodafone of the UK, for US$ 560 million. These sums
reflect the interest of international operators in the Egyptian 3G market and
the potential of broadband development through 3G services.
By Q2 2007, the majority of mobile users in Egypt will be enjoying 3.5G
services based on HSPA technology offering speeds surpassing that of
conventional ADSL services through mobile operators with 3G licenses.
Additionally, Telecom Egypt will be offering CDMA 1X EVDO to customers of CDMA
services in rural areas with speeds comparable to those of ADSL services.
It is expected that by the end of 2010 high-speed Internet access will be
available across the entire country.
WiMax Services
Egypt is following closely the efforts to standardize WiMax technologies
as they permit simpler and faster access to Internet services, especially as
WiMax receivers are integrated into PC processors. Field trials have been set
up in Cairo, Giza, Luxor and Aswan by leading international vendors and
Egyptian operators on a non-commercial basis to assess the suitability of these
technologies for Egypt’s environmental and topographical conditions.
With WiMax standardization expected to be complete by 2007-08, MCIT will
cooperate with the NTRA and current WiMax users to clear the spectrum as
necessary. The ministry will also hold discussions with relevant stakeholders
to determine the best policy framework for introducing WiMax into the market
through existing or new operators.
Licensing of a Second National Operator for Voice and Transport Services
Following completion of the tariff rebalancing process, Egypt’s
fixed-line telecommunications market will be ready for the introduction of
alternative carriers. MCIT is planning to start the process for licensing a
second national operator for voice and transport services by 2008-09, with a
view to this company starting operations in 2009. MCIT will make sure that the
new operator contributes positively to the overall growth of the
telecommunications sector by offering world-class services to other carriers as
an alternative core network, as well as to business and residential users.
Framework for Cooperation in the Rollout of Alternative Network Infrastructure
As the framework for converged services outlined below becomes a reality,
alternative networks may be required. The ownership structure of such networks,
their coverage, technologies and the services they will deliver thus need to be
discussed by various stakeholders.
Among the networks likely to be used are the fiber-optic networks owned by gas
and electricity companies, while there is also the possibility of making use of
the right-of-way of railroads to roll out new national cable infrastructure.
These networks might be complemented by hybrid networks of power-line
communications, co-axial cables or wireless solutions to reach end-users. Using
high-speed packet technologies, the new network infrastructure could be
utilized for the delivery of a wide array of Internet, telephony and
entertainment services.
MCIT and the NTRA will be leading a national dialogue among all stakeholders
about the various options for fostering the development of such alternative
networks in a competitive and transparent manner that would benefit all market
participants.
|
| To
develop exports of communications services by
establishing a Telecommunications Free
Zone |
|
As Egypt develops its connectivity within the region and through submarine
cables to Europe and Asia, it will be increasingly well suited to function as
an exchange point for international traffic flowing between these highly active
regions. Also, through its growing customer care and content industries, it
will be in a position to provide attractive offerings to international
carriers. MCIT intends to establish an industry for value-added services for
transit traffic by setting up a telecommunications free zone where transit
telecommunication services are provided to serve international markets.
MCIT will be cooperating with the ministries of finance and investment and
other relevant organizations to promote the establishment of this free zone by
offering an attractive package of incentives for international and local
carriers to serve regional markets.
A. International transient
voice relay
As Egyptian operators are successfully establishing operations throughout the
Middle East, Africa and southern Mediterranean region, and as Middle Eastern
operators move in the Egyptian market, the need arises for a flexible framework
for exchange of regional traffic (especially that not originating or
terminating in Egypt) making use of the excellent connectivity that links Egypt
to almost all Middle Eastern and African countries. Companies located in
Egypt’s telecommunications free zone would be in an ideal position to aggregate
traffic and thus run the most efficient routes to various countries in the
region and beyond.
B. Establishment of
regional Internet exchanges
The Middle East and Africa region has one of the world’s highest growth rates
in Internet penetration. Deregulation in major Middle Eastern markets is making
broadband communications more affordable and is creating more demand for
Internet bandwidth. At the same time, the direction of traffic is shifting;
while the majority of traffic previously came from Europe and the US to
regional markets, it is now becoming more balanced as intra-regional traffic
grows with the use of peer-to-peer applications. However, due to the nature of
connectivity between Middle Eastern and African markets and European and
American hubs, traffic needs to be exchanged in Europe and the US, consuming
international bandwidth.
As Egypt promotes converged services by offering Arabic content online, it
would be well positioned to offer Arabic content to other countries in the
region, especially as it increases its direct links to Arab markets. This would
allow for the establishment of regional exchanges serving Arab carriers and
data centers, thus creating a critical mass that would attract foreign carriers
to exchange their traffic with regional carriers. This would bring down the
costs of international bandwidth for Egyptian carriers and eventually for
Egyptian consumers, and also promote value-added and content services in Egypt.
Reform of the Postal
Sector
The international postal sector has changed more in the last 20 years than in
the previous century and a half, leading many governments in developed and
developing countries to recognize the need for effective and sustainable postal
reform. Significant forces have driven this transformation: changes in postal
market demand and supply, globalization, market liberalization, regulatory
progress and technological advances in all communications media. Among these
changes, the most important is the increasing role of the private sector in the
provision of postal services. Previously, public operators were chosen to meet
this obligation and were provided with monopolies, not only to preserve the
integrity of the mail, but also as an economic incentive to serve unprofitable
areas of the mail market. Today, the level of private sector participation in
the supply of postal services is significant and growing, resulting in a more
competitive postal market and an increased need for effective regulation.
The GoE recognizes that a strong universal postal service operating within a
competitive postal market can serve as a valuable tool in achieving national
development objectives. Efficient postal services can reduce the cost of
financial and other business transactions and thereby increase national
competitiveness. Nationwide postal networks can also serve as effective agents
in increasing public participation in civil and economic life, reducing rural
isolation and marginalization, and in distributing government benefits and
services more equitably. When these networks also incorporate comprehensive
financial services, they can stimulate national capital accumulation, include
wider segments of society in formal financial channels and serve as a catalyst
for the growth of SMEs.
However, recent analysis has shown that the postal market in Egypt is
performing below potential and not fully meeting the needs of individual and
business mailers. This is demonstrated by the low per capita level of mail in
Egypt (3.2 pieces per person annually) in comparison with countries immediately
above (5.8 pieces) and immediately below Egypt (5.0 pieces) in terms of GDP per
inhabitant (PPP method). MCIT is therefore determined to undertake a program of
postal reform and modernization to define and realize its future vision of the
postal sector in Egypt by 2010.
Objectives:
|
| To
develop a world-class postal service in terms of
quality, innovation and
accessibility |
|
| A. Development of a
State-of-the-Art Postal
Network |
A comprehensive postal network can serve
as an effective agent to increase access to information that is the key to
strengthening levels of participation in civil and economic life. This is
particularly true in rural and isolated areas that have little access to other
government or private services. Postal retail outlets can serve as “portals” to
government services – including registration, licenses, tax documents, etc.
Postal networks are also positioned at the center of three critical business
flows: information, goods and cash. In many countries, this unique positioning
has been used to move towards a “business communications center” concept for
post offices that adds value to the postal network and reduces the cost of
maintaining a universal service network.
The communications center concept has also been used to develop “hybrid mail”
and other innovative mail products that synergize digital and physical
communications media.
B. Development of a
State-of-the-Art Postal Network
While the evolution of the postal sector in industrialized countries was
characterized by liberalization, best practices show that liberalization needs
to be accompanied by enhancement of public operators’ efficiency and
effectiveness. This can be achieved by extending the reach and portfolio of
services offered by public operators to reflect industry changes and economic
development. Extensive integration of ICT in the operations of national
operators and the services they provide has a positive effect on restructuring.
MCIT views the modernization of Egypt Post as a fundamental component of its
strategy to develop the sector since it will continue playing the role of
universal service provider until such time as alternatives emerge. Making use
of Egypt Post’s wide outreach, extensive network and the public confidence it
has built over the years, its service offerings can be further extended to
include governmental, societal and financial services in addition to
traditional postal services.
MCIT will facilitate collaboration between Egypt Post and relevant governmental
and business institutions to develop postal services, products and systems that
support e-government and e-commerce as well as new and innovative products that
combine digital/physical communications systems.
MCIT will also continue to encourage Egypt Post to form partnerships to further
empower its human and capital infrastructure and enable it to offer new
products and services making use of and serving the ICT industry. This will
result in the development of systems for sorting, tracing, addressing and
customer care – all crucial components of any modern postal infrastructure. Use
of postal networks to manage global supply chains and enhance delivery of
e-commerce is another area that could be beneficial to the development of the
ICT sector in Egypt.
|
| To increase
overall levels of private sector investment in
the postal market through open and fair
competition and progressive
regulation |
|
Utilization of the private sector as a catalyst for development has been a
cornerstone of the strategies of MCIT since 1999. Currently, the private sector
accounts for a significant portion of the supply of postal services in Egypt,
even though much of this activity is unlicensed. ENPO has also utilized private
sector individuals and businesses to extend its universal service network and
in partnerships for high-value products. Through arrangements in areas such as
courier services and transportation, ENPO has also demonstrated the potential
of public-private sector partnerships. With proper regulation and market
definition, and resulting market growth, private sector participation could be
increased significantly.
Furthermore, as the Egyptian economy grows and as mail-heavy industries such as
financial services and utilities expand, there will be an increasing need for
an efficient postal network to handle advertising, bill delivery and payment,
and goods and cash transfers. There are demonstrated cases where effective
postal sector policies and reform have led to significant increases in the
level of such partnerships and in the level of private sector investment in
public postal services (financial services, FDI in equity, management
contracts).
MCIT recognizes the need to stimulate innovation in the postal market to
respond to the unmet and emerging needs of customers for new and innovative
postal products. Hence, MCIT will be working on a set of incentives to
encourage the participation of the private sector in projects that could
stimulate further progress in various areas. At the same time, an independent
regulatory mechanism will be in place to monitor ongoing growth and innovation
in the Egyptian postal market and benchmark this progress against international
standards.
A. Establishment of a
Neutral Regulatory Mechanism
The Egyptian postal market has a high level of competition with 12 operators
providing various forms of postal services. However, it does not have effective
regulatory oversight, as the Egyptian National Postal Organization (ENPO), the
entity entitled by law to issue licenses to postal operators, is itself in the
market competing with other operators directly or indirectly (through
subsidiaries or joint ventures). Moreover, some of these operators offer
services beyond the scope of their licenses while others function without
licenses.
A recent study by the Universal Postal Union (UPU) argues that this market
structure has resulted in fragmentation of postal networks and mail flows that
reduces potential economies of scale and limits service quality and innovation.
The UPU study concludes that the postal market in Egypt is performing below
capacity and that there is room for expansion and additional private sector
investment However, the significant lack of transparency concerning the
separation between the regulatory and operator functions of ENPO has affected
the predictability of the sector and thus the level of private sector
investment. Moreover, there are no regulations concerning fulfillment of
universal service obligations or an effective licensing regime to legitimize
competition in the market.
MCIT will thus be working with ENPO, postal operators and other stakeholders
over 2007-08 to:
|
|
| • |
Develop effective postal regulatory policy, laws, regulations and
functions that stimulate competition for the provision of postal services,
promote private sector investment, maintain adequate universal postal services,
and prepare the postal sector for future international regulatory and
technological developments |
|
|
| • |
Identify respective roles and responsibilities of the policy, regulatory and
operator functions for the postal sector |
|
|
| • |
Establish an independent postal regulator function to ensure the effectiveness
and integrity of the regulatory process and maintain a competitive market space
|
B. Adapting to New
International Postal Regulations
Globalization of national economies and liberalization of marketplaces have
influenced the supply side of postal markets more significantly than the demand
side by allowing both official and private postal operators to expand their
operations across national boundaries into regional and global markets.
International regulatory advances (e.g. the WTO’s General Agreement for Trade
in Services – GATS) are rapidly reducing or eliminating trade and competitive
barriers, creating new opportunities for market entry.
The UPU is moving towards a quality- and cost-based terminal dues system. As
ENPO’s inbound and outbound international letter mail flows are more or less
equal to its domestic flows, this market segment and the economic viability of
both public and private operators might be significantly impacted by such
changes. As part of the reviewed proposal under the GATS Doha round presented
in 2006, Egypt proposed liberalization of courier services starting from 2009.
Thus, postal laws in Egypt need to be developed to allow for liberalization of
services and to comply with international trade regimes. Regulatory reforms
will need to be introduced to prepare the postal sector for future changes in
international postal regulatory regimes required by GATS and the UPU.
|
| To
create a new export-oriented postal industry in
Egypt |
|
| A. Establishing Egypt as a
Postal Hub |
|
As the size of regional trade increases, primarily due to e-commerce, there
will be an increasing need for hubs that manage supply chains on a regional
level. Such hubs will be characterized by intermediate geographic position,
efficient operations supported by strong ICT infrastructure as well as a
flexible and enabling framework. Postal services in high-growth countries
demonstrate the value of postal networks in strengthening import and export
channels. Through a unique arrangement with customs counterparts, postal
operators have been able to increase import and export flows and provide
support for the growth of SMEs and other businesses.
B. Cooperating with
International Operators through a Postal Free
Zone
MCIT will be facilitating cooperation between governmental agencies responsible
for transport and trade (aviation, transport, finance and investment), the
Customs Authority, Egypt Post, private operators and other stakeholders to
create the first postal free zone in the region. It is expected that this move
will entail the development of the current regulatory frameworks governing
establishment and operations of free zones to match those of prominent regional
and international free zones. It will also involve the establishment of new
infrastructure and supply systems connected to global and regional markets and
the re-engineering and rationalization of relevant processes and inspection
mechanisms to facilitate transactions and promote business.
This strategy to build an export-oriented industry, improve the competitiveness
of the Egyptian economy and generate employment will be facilitated through the
cooperation of active regional and international operators. MCIT will therefore
cooperate with the General Authority for Investment and Free Zones (GAFI) and
other relevant agencies to promote Egypt’s postal free zone to international
postal and supply-chain operators as a regional hub and logistics center,
building on its successful experience with multinational telecom and IT
companies.
Enhancing the Framework
Governing Use of ICT Networks and Services
Egypt recognizes the importance of integration within the international ICT
framework as a means to achieve its goals for the Egyptian ICT sector. Thus,
while Egypt was developing its original framework governing the ICT sector in
1999, active participation in international ICT forums and adoption of relevant
agreements were priorities. Egypt has maintained this strategy throughout its
various phases of ICT development and will continue to do so during the next
phase.
Another focus of Egypt’s ICT sector development plans is the need to ensure
continuous, affordable and secure delivery of ICT services to all members of
society. This need is in fact growing due to the increase in use of ICT in
mission-critical applications by all sectors of society.
Objectives:
|
| To integrate
Egypt within international frameworks governing
trade in ICT |
|
| A. Active
Integration into the Global ICT
Market |
|
Globalization holds benefits for economies
that manage to create the right framework to make use of its merits while
avoiding its shortcomings. Egypt has chosen to undertake this challenge as a
means to promoting exports and attracting investment and has demonstrated this
commitment through a number of international and regional trade agreements.
These commitments are meant to ensure predictability in governing the sector
and assure local and foreign investors of the intention of Egypt to integrate
into the world trading system.
B. Trade Agreements
During the development of the original Telecommunications Act in 2000, MCIT
focused on the principles of independence, transparency, non-differentiation
between companies based on the nationality of their founders and fair
competition as bases for governing sector performance. Egypt joined the WTO
agreement governing trade in telecommunications services (Basic
Telecommunications Agreement) in June 2002.
Looking ahead, and in order to promote competition in other sectors of the ICT
industry, MCIT has proposed commitments under the current round of negotiations
in services regarding trade in computer-related services (CRS) and courier
services.
There is considerable potential for Egyptian operators in regional markets in
the areas of call centers, content and value-added services. MCIT will
therefore cooperate with the Ministries of Trade and Industry as well as
Foreign Affairs in the ongoing process of developing the GAFTA agreement on
services to ensure that it reflects the expectations of operators.
|
| To enact programs to
ensure equitable access to telecommunications
services throughout
Egypt.
|
|
A universal services fund (USF) was established by the NTRA in 2003 to support
provision of access to basic telecommunications services throughout Egypt. The
fund received LE 50 million from the surplus of the NTRA’s 2005 budget to
support emergency and rural communications in five governorates. Expanding
effective use of the fund will be the focus of the coming phase.
|
| To protect users’
privacy in the information society and fight
cyber-crime and harmful
content.
|
|
The Egyptian government, in cooperation with the private sector, has
initiated actions to prevent, detect and respond to cyber-crime and misuse of
ICTs. These measures include developing legislation regarding investigation and
prosecution for misuse; promoting effective mutual assistance efforts;
strengthening institutional support at the international level for preventing,
detecting and recovering from such incidents; and encouraging education and
raising awareness. In addition, the government has begun to raise awareness
among users, both corporate users and individuals, about the appropriate use of
ICTs and the penalties for violations.
Maximizing Economic Gains
from the Liberalization Process
development of telecommunications on GDP growth. The Egyptian experience with
the process of deregulation shows that through careful planning and with a
transparent licensing framework, all stakeholders can benefit from the
deregulation process. Moreover, the telecommunications sector has proven itself
to be a primary driver of the Egyptian stock market, expanding the pool of
beneficiaries of the telecommunication sector even further. MCIT’s strategy is
to work on maximizing the positive contribution of the ICT sector to the
overall economy. This can be achieved through increased revenues from licensing
proceeds and taxes from the ICT sector to the benefit of the national treasury
whether as considerable one-time or sustainable annual fees.
In addition attracting new long-term national and foreign direct investment in
large ICT projects and promoting the expansion of Egyptian operators into
high-potential and strategic markets will significantly contribute to
growth.
|
|
Related
Documents
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| Egypt's Information Society
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|
An outline of the initiatives implemented to bolster Egypt's transition into a
fully-fledged information society while simultaneously addressing internal
development issues through R&D, total domestic e-Access as well as the
implementation of adaptable regulatory procedures in order to attract foreign
investment.
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First Published :
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Dec 2003
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Updated :
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April 2004
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| Egypt’s Vision of the Information Society |
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The document outlines Egypt's vision of building the Information Society and
bridging the digital divide together with a closer look at the country's
Egyptian Information Society Initiative (EISI), structured around seven major
tracks: e-readiness, e-learning, e-government, e-business, e-health, e-culture
and ICT export initiative.
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First Published :
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May 2005
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Updated :
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Oct 2005
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Introduction
ICT Sector Reform
ICT
for Development
Innovation
and ICT Industry Development
Conclusion
|